First word

Epazote most potent herb serving several benefits for human: a review

Dysphania ambrosioides or Chenopodium ambrosioides

Epazote is an herb that is native to South and Central America. It has traditionally been used as an herbal remedy since the time of the Aztecs, and it is also an important herb in Mexican cooking. The flavor and scent of epazote are acquired tastes, however, and can be off-putting to people who are not used to them.

In the US, epazote is sometimes called skunk weed because the odor is considered to be repellent, but In Latin America, many people enjoy both the scent and the taste of this plant. The current scientific name for epazote is Dysphania ambrosioides, but it used to be classified as Chenopodium ambrosioides. It is also known as Mexican tea, wormseed, paico, Jesuit’s tea and Herba Sancti Mariae.

Annual Plant

Epazote is an annual plant that is often found growing on waste ground, in flowerbeds and in dry lakes and rivers. It is native to the South and Central Americas, but is also found as an invasive species in the temperate and tropical regions of the world, in Europe and the southern US.

Characteristics & Texture

Epazote has long, toothed aromatic leaves that can be up to about three inches in length, with the leaves becoming smaller the higher up the stem they are growing.

The plant can reach heights of several feet under optimum growing conditions. Adult plants produce a number of irregular branches that are held vertically, or near vertically.

The plants have small, green flowers that appear as loose, branching spikes or panicles, which grow out from the reddish colored stem. Epazote usually flowers between July and September, after which it will produce small, round green fruits, each containing a tiny black seed.

Epazote Scent

The scent of an epazote plant is unique and very strong. It is often the easiest way of identifying or locating the plant. In the US, epazote is sometimes referred to as skunk weed because the odor is often considered very objectionable, but in other times and places the scent has been thought of as very attractive.

Some indigenous people wore pieces of epazote for its scent. The odor of the plant bears some similarities to the scents of citrus, camphor, mint, savory and petroleum. Epazote is one of the strongest smelling herbs. The scent of epazote is matched with an equally strong flavor, which is employed in many dishes from Latin America.

Epazote’s Leaves

The leaves of the plant are commonly used as flavoring or are eaten as a vegetable, but an oil may also be derived from epazote and used for medicinal purposes. This oil can be produced from the whole plant, or just from the leaves, the seeds or the fruit alone. Epazote tea is also produced from the leaves. Many traditional herbal remedies require the preparation of a decoction of the leaves of the epazote plant. The leaves are mashed and then boiled in water in order to extract the useful oils.

History

The name Epazote is derived from the word epazotl, which comes from the Nahuatl language. This is an Aztecan language that is found in Central Mexico. The Aztecs used epazote as a natural remedy and as an herb for flavoring food. Many other indigenous American peoples have also used this plant.

Epazote used to be scientifically classified within the genus Chenopodium, along with approximately 150 other species that are commonly known as goosefoots. Epazote has since been reclassified in the closely related genus Dysphania, but there are still many similarities between the plants in these two groups. Members are often used as leaf vegetables or are grown in order to extract oils from them.

Quinoa Oil

Quinoa oil, for example, comes from a plant within the Chenopodium genus. The oil that is derived from epazote or D. ambrosioides is often called oil of chenopodium. This name comes from the old classification of the plant, and is still used today although the plant is technically no longer in the Chenopodium genus.

The goosefoots have been used for food since at least 4000 BC, when different species of this plant were being grown by the ancient peoples of Europe and North America. Epazote also has a long history of use as both a food and a medicine.

Digestive Benefits

Epazote has traditionally been used as a cure for intestinal parasites. This is reflected in some of the names that have been given to the plant, such as wormseed.

Eating the leaves can eliminate worms in the digestive system. It has also been used as an herbal remedy to treat spasms of the muscles, and in order to induce abortion, among other things. Epazote is widespread as a native plant across both South and Central America, and it has been exploited by many different groups of people living in different parts of this region.

Many groups of indigenous people in the Americas have used epazote as an herbal remedy, particularly as a cure for intestinal worms. In the Yucatan, epazote has been traditionally used to get rid of worms, and to treat chorea, asthma and excessive mucus production.

Cultural Uses

In the Amazon, the Tikuna Indians have used epazote to treat worms and for its laxative properties. In South America, the Kofan and Siona Indians have used epazote to kill parasitic worms, by dosing patients with a cup of epazote leaf decoction taken every morning for three days, and the Kofan Indians have worn bracelets made from the plant in order to provide a perfume. The Creoles have used epazote to treat worms in children and to cure colds in adults.

The Wayapi have used a decoction of epazote leaves as a treatment for stomach upsets and internal bleeding caused by falls. In Piura, Peru, people have used an epazote leaf decoction to treat intestinal gas, worms and parasites, gout, cramps, hemorrhoids, and nervous disorders, as well as using it as a laxative and an insecticide. Some tribes treat fevers by bathing in epazote decoction and burn fresh epazote plants to repel insects, including mosquitoes.

Latin America Influence

Many of the traditional uses of epazote remain current in modern Latin America. Epazote is particularly common as an herbal remedy for the treatment of intestinal worms and other parasites of the digestive system, such as amebas. Both the leaves and the seeds are used to treat worms. In Brazil, epazote is also used as a cure for coughs and colds, asthma and other respiratory disorders and infections.

It is also used to treat angina, to improve the digestion, reduce intestinal gas and to encourage healthy sweating. Epazote is put to similar uses in Peru, but in the Peruvian Amazon, the plant is also used as a remedy for arthritis. It is socked for several days in water and then applied to the skin around the affected joints. Some people in South America also use epazote as an herbal remedy for menstrual problems, and apply it to the skin to treat bruises and wounds.

Use

Epazote is used as a flavoring for food and as an herbal remedy and health food. The most frequent reasons for using epazote are as an ingredient in Mexican cookery, usually with beans, and as an herbal remedy that can get rid of parasitic intestinal worms.

The leaves of the epazote herb are used as an herb and eaten as a leaf vegetable. The strong flavor is comparable to fennel, tarragon or anise, in its pungent, medicinal taste. It can be too strong for some people, and it may take some time to get used to the flavor.

As an herb, epazote is commonly used to add some extra taste to black beans. In addition to its flavor, it is also prized for its ability to reduce the formation of gas in the digestive system that is usually common after a meal of beans. This property is also known as a carminative effect.

Mexican Recipes

The epazote herb is also used in a number of other Mexican recipes. It can be added to soups, tamales, mole de olla, enchiladas, chilaquiles, sopes and quesadillas. Epazote is sometimes also used in some Caribbean cookery.

Eating the leaves of the epazote plant is also considered to be very healthy. In addition to reducing flatulence after eating beans, it is believed to be able to treat a number of conditions. Epazote has been used as an herbal remedy for malaria, chorea, catarrh, asthma, hysteria, dysmenorrheal (severe pain during menstruation) and amenorrhea (lack of menstruation in a woman who is of childbearing age).

Essential Oil

In addition to the leaves, an essential oil derived from the epazote plant may also be used. This oil of chenopodium can be used to kill intestinal worms. It is a great deal stronger than the fresh or dried leaves, or a tea made from them. Epazote oil is not usually taken internally now, although it was once a very common treatment.

The essential oil obtained from epazote plants is composed of up to 70 percent ascaridole. This is an unusual chemical to find in an herb or spice, and it is largely responsible for the pungent scent of the plant, as well as its medicinal activities.

Epazote oil also contains limonene, which produces a citrus scent and can repel insects and p-cymene, as well as a selection of other chemicals that are present in lower concentrations: alpha pinene, terpinene, myrcene, camphor, trans isocarveol and thymol).

Many of the chemicals that are present in epazote oil, including ascaridole, belong to a group called monoterpenes. It is often suggested that epazote plants grown in Asia and Europe have lower concentrations of ascaridole than those that are grown in Mexico, but this has never been proven.

Fighting Intestinal Worms

It is the oil of the epazote plant that is believed to be able to kill intestinal worms. This traditional American remedy spread worldwide and was used for several centuries by people around the world. It was brought to Europe from the Americas during the 17th Century, and was then used as an herbal remedy until the 20th Century.

Oil of chenopodium was even listed as a recommended treatment for roundworms, hookworms and amebas in the US Pharmacopoeia, which is the physician’s guide to all of the standard therapeutic drugs and treatments. It was also commonly used to treat domestic animals and livestock suffering from worms. The potential side effects associated with this treatment meant that it was replaced by safer options, however, during the 1940s and it is no longer recommended by doctors.

Epazote is still used in some parts of the world to treat intestinal worm infections in both humans and animals. This use is particularly prevalent in Latin American countries such as Honduras. The treatment is usually prepared by grinding the leaves or the entire epazote plant and adding it to water, rather than extracting the oil, which can be too strong to be safe for the patient.

Scientific Evidence

A number of uses of epazote have been investigated scientifically and found to have some degree of efficacy. Studies have tested the use of epazote against insects, parasites and bacteria, and as a treatment for malaria and cancer. Epazote has traditionally been used as a remedy for many other problems, however, which have not yet been scientifically tested.

These include its use for disorders of the digestive system, in pain relief, and as a treatment for menstrual conditions. The strongest scientific evidence for the efficacy of epazote as an herbal remedy comes from studies of its use as a treatment for intestinal parasites.

There are some reliable investigations that have found fairly strong evidence that it is an effective treatment, both in the lab and in human patients.

Main Ingredient of Epazote

The main active ingredient of epazote oil, ascaridole, was isolated for the first time in 1895 by a scientist living in Brazil. It was the first known naturally occurring organic peroxide, and is the main active ingredient of epazote treatments.

Ascaridole is believed to be responsible for the ability of epazote to kill intestinal worms, and a number of other medicinal properties have also been attributed to it, including the ability to relieve pain and to act as a sedative. It may also be able to work as an antifungal agent.

Evidence from animal and in vitro studies has suggested that ascaridole is effective against intestinal worms and parasites. It has also been demonstrated to work as an insecticide and to have anti malarial properties.

Human Clinical Trials

Clinical trials have also taken place in humans. As recently as 1996, a trial was conducted to test the efficacy of epazote leaf extracts against intestinal worms. The treatment was successful in 56 percent of cases. 72 patients, both children and adults, were included in the study.

The epazote extract was found to be 100 percent effective against two common intestinal parasites, Trichuris and Ancilostoma, but only 50 percent effective against the parasite Ascaris. In 2001, another study was carried out to investigate the use of epazote extract as a treatment for roundworm in children.

Thirty patients were included in this study. It was found that epazote was 100 percent effective against tapeworms, and was able to eliminate the eggs of Ascaris parasites with an efficacy of 86.7 percent, and to decrease parasitic burden by 59.5 percent.

Studies for Fighting Cancer

Studies have also been conducted to evaluate other potential uses of epazote, including possible activity against cancerous cells, inhibition of stomach ulcer formation, and elimination of antibiotic resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacteria that causes tuberculosis.

Some evidence has been found to support these possible uses, but there have not as yet been any clinical trials in humans, and there is no definitive proof that epazote is an effective and practical choice for treatment of any of these conditions.

Dosage

The recommended dose of epazote leaf decoction for the treatment of intestinal parasites is a half cup of standard decoction, to be drunk before breakfast, over three consecutive mornings.

This is generally followed by a dose of a mild laxative on the fourth day, which will help to expel the parasites and their eggs, once they are dead or dying. The treatment is usually repeated after a fortnight in order to get rid of any worms that may have hatched from eggs that were not killed by the first round of treatment.

A decoction of the leaves is also used as an herbal remedy to treat digestive, respiratory and menstrual problems. These conditions are usually treated with half cup doses that are taken as necessary.

Buying and Storage

Epazote leaves can be bought from most Mexican grocery or food stores, in both its fresh and air dried forms. In cookery, a teaspoonful of the dried leaves should be treated as equivalent to approximately seven fresh epazote leaves, or one branch of the fresh plant.

It is possible to leave the fresh leaves to sir dry in order to store them for longer, but when placed inside a plastic bag, the fresh leaves will last for up to a week.

Side Effects

A 10 milligram dose of epazote oil can cause vomiting, sleepiness, weakness, convulsions, and respiratory and cardiac problems. It may even be fatal. It is these adverse effects that resulted in the replacement of epazote oil as a recommended treatment for intestinal parasites in the US Pharmacopoeia.

The essential oil of epazote is not recommended for internal use due to its toxicity, but it is possible to use the leaves of the plant in herbal remedies, since these contain lower levels of the toxic substances than the seeds or oils derived from the whole plant. According to the World Health Organization, a decoction made from 20 grams of epazote leaves, was effective against intestinal parasites without causing any significant side effects.

Pregnant women should never take epazote, due to its toxicity and the possible damage it could do to the unborn baby. Epazote has traditionally been used to induce abortion, and although there is no scientific proof that it is effective in doing this, it is inadvisable to take the risk.

About the Author

Name: Harshvardhan R. Trivedi

current buisness affiliations:-

• Moral Nutraceuticals (INDIA) Pvt Ltd.
• Transradial Formulations (INDIA) Pvt Ltd.
• Atlantic Pharma Chem (INDIA) Pvt Ltd.

Education: Currently studying in Institute of Pharmacy, NIRMA UNIVERSITY

• B.PHARM (2010-2014)

Total Patents Filed:- 12

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A subtle kind of racism: Elites, democracy, and indigenous movements in modern Ecuador. $49.99 How do we understand the achievements and limitations of social movements in an age of political and economic liberalism? This dissertation explores that question through the lens of the Ecuadorian indigenous movement. More specifically, I ask how Ecuadorian elites have responded to the challenge presented by the emergence of a large and sophisticated indigenous peoples' social movement beginning in the late 1980s and why, given the movement's enormous mobilizing capacity, it has not succeeded in significantly transforming the political and economic conditions which continue to marginalize and exclude indigenous Ecuadorians. My argument brings together structural, institutional, and cultural arguments to show how Ecuadorian elites have successfully (if not always intentionally) navigated the changing social dynamics of the past century in order to maintain and reinforce their position at the top of the social hierarchy. Even as the economic, institutional, and normative ground has shifted under their feet, these individuals and groups have proven remarkably adaptable and have succeeded in restructuring their leading role in society. Perhaps most significant, elites have buttressed their leading position in society without recourse to the kinds of massive violence that have often accompanied threats and mobilization by lower-class groups in the past in other parts of Latin America. Elites have adopted the institutions and discourse of liberal democracy, but they are reluctant to cede meaningful power to their less privileged compatriots. Democracy, therefore, is likely to remain shallow and poorly institutionalized despite the presence of a significant indigenous movement.

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American Countries: Latin American Countries, North American Countries, South American Countries, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia $17.4 New – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 131. Chapters: Latin American countries, North American countries, South American countries, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Uruguay, Ecuador, Suriname, Paraguay, Peru, France, Argentina, Guyana, French Guiana, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America, List of traditional territories of the indigenous peoples of North

American Countries: Latin American Countries, North American Countries, South American Countries, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia $17.4 Used – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 131. Chapters: Latin American countries, North American countries, South American countries, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Uruguay, Ecuador, Suriname, Paraguay, Peru, France, Argentina, Guyana, French Guiana, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America, List of traditional territories of the indigenous peoples of Nort

American Countries: Latin American Countries, North American Countries, South American Countries, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia $23.35 New – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 131. Chapters: Latin American countries, North American countries, South American countries, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Uruguay, Ecuador, Suriname, Paraguay, Peru, France, Argentina, Guyana, French Guiana, List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America, List of traditional territories of the indigenous peoples of North

Andean Music $59.3 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Andean music comes from the general area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras and other peoples that roughly in the area of the Inca Empire prior to European contact. It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas and among indigenous populations. The Nueva Canción movement of the 70s revived the genre across Latin America and bought it to places where it was unknown or forgotten. Wind and percussion instruments are known to have existed in South America even before the Incans, but musical evolution peaked with the Incan empire. The arrival of the Spaniards in the sixteenth century brought string instruments and new forms, spurring the invention of the distinctive charango, a ten stringed instrument similar to a lute that was originally constructed from the shell of an Armadillo but now generally constructed from local wood varieties.

Andean Music $73.2 Used – High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Andean music comes from the general area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras and other peoples that roughly in the area of the Inca Empire prior to European contact. It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas and among indigenous populations. The Nueva Cancion movement of the 70s revive

Andean Music $73.2 Used – High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Andean music comes from the general area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras and other peoples that roughly in the area of the Inca Empire prior to European contact. It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas and among indigenous populations. The Nueva Cancion movement of the 70s revive

Andean Music $64.66 Used – High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Andean music comes from the general area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras and other peoples that roughly in the area of the Inca Empire prior to European contact. It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas and among indigenous populations. The Nueva Cancion movement of the 70s revive

Andean Music $41.25 Used – High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Andean music comes from the general area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras and other peoples that roughly in the area of the Inca Empire prior to European contact. It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas and among indigenous populations. The Nueva Cancion movement of the 70s revive

Andean Music $51.4 Used – High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Andean music comes from the general area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras and other peoples that roughly in the area of the Inca Empire prior to European contact. It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas and among indigenous populations. The Nueva Cancion movement of the 70s revive

Andean Music $46.47 Used – High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Andean music comes from the general area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras and other peoples that roughly in the area of the Inca Empire prior to European contact. It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas and among indigenous populations. The Nueva Cancion movement of the 70s revive

Articles On Ethnic Groups In Latin America, including: Mestizo, Mulatto, Conquistador, Zambo, Afro-latin American, Peninsulars, Asian Latin American, Indigenous Peoples Of The Americas, Criollo People, White Latin American $19.75 Hephaestus Books,Paperback, English-language edition,Pub by Hephaestus Books

Articles On Ethnic Groups In North America, including: Mennonite, Mestizo, Melungeon, Afro-latin American, M tis, Asian Latin American, Opata People, Indigenous Peoples Of The Americas, Babine, White Latin American, Mixed-blood $21.75 Hephaestus Books,Paperback, English-language edition,Pub by Hephaestus Books

Articles on Ethnic Groups in Latin America, Including: Mestizo, Mulatto, Conquistador, Zambo, Afro-Latin American, Peninsulars, Asian Latin American, Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, Criollo People, White Latin American $12.93 Used – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Hephaestus Books represents a new publishing paradigm, allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive, relevant, and informative books. To date, this content has been curated from Wikipedia articles and images under Creative Commons licensing, although as Hephaestus Books continues to increase in scope and dimension, more licensed and public domai

Articles on Ethnic Groups in Latin America, Including: Mestizo, Mulatto, Conquistador, Zambo, Afro-Latin American, Peninsulars, Asian Latin American, Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, Criollo People, White Latin American $13.68 Used – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Hephaestus Books represents a new publishing paradigm, allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive, relevant, and informative books. To date, this content has been curated from Wikipedia articles and images under Creative Commons licensing, although as Hephaestus Books continues to increase in scope and dimension, more licensed and public domai

Articles on Ethnic Groups in Latin America, Including: Mestizo, Mulatto, Conquistador, Zambo, Afro-Latin American, Peninsulars, Asian Latin American, Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, Criollo People, White Latin American $16.12 Used – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Hephaestus Books represents a new publishing paradigm, allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive, relevant, and informative books. To date, this content has been curated from Wikipedia articles and images under Creative Commons licensing, although as Hephaestus Books continues to increase in scope and dimension, more licensed and public domai

Articles on Ethnic Groups in Latin America, Including: Mestizo, Mulatto, Conquistador, Zambo, Afro-Latin American, Peninsulars, Asian Latin American, Indigenous Peoples of the Americas, Criollo People, White Latin American $18.27 Used – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Hephaestus Books represents a new publishing paradigm, allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive, relevant, and informative books. To date, this content has been curated from Wikipedia articles and images under Creative Commons licensing, although as Hephaestus Books continues to increase in scope and dimension, more licensed and public domai

Articles on Military History of Latin America, Including: William Walker (Filibuster), War of the Triple Alliance, Wars Involving Indigenous Peoples of South America $13.14 Used – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Hephaestus Books represents a new publishing paradigm, allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive, relevant, and informative books. To date, this content has been curated from Wikipedia articles and images under Creative Commons licensing, although as Hephaestus Books continues to increase in scope and dimension, more licensed and public domai

Articles on Military History of Latin America, Including: William Walker (Filibuster), War of the Triple Alliance, Wars Involving Indigenous Peoples of South America $12.59 Used – Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Hephaestus Books represents a new publishing paradigm, allowing disparate content sources to be curated into cohesive, relevant, and informative books. To date, this content has been curated from Wikipedia articles and images under Creative Commons licensing, although as Hephaestus Books continues to increase in scope and dimension, more licensed and public domai

Between Resistance and Adaptation: Indigenous Peoples and the Colonisation in the Choco, 1510-1753 $7.34 New – “Between Resistance and Adaptation explores the Spanish colonization of the Choc� 3, a lowland region of present-day Colombia that was crucial to Spanish interests in Latin America because of its large gold deposits. Controlling the gold required the Spanish to subdue the native population of the Choc� 3; the author considers the strategies used by the colonizers, as well as the subtle, pragmatic responses of indigenous peoples. This book will interest anyone studying the

Between Resistance and Adaptation: Indigenous Peoples and the Colonisation in the Choco, 1510-1753 $8.88 New – “Between Resistance and Adaptation explores the Spanish colonization of the Choc� 3, a lowland region of present-day Colombia that was crucial to Spanish interests in Latin America because of its large gold deposits. Controlling the gold required the Spanish to subdue the native population of the Choc� 3; the author considers the strategies used by the colonizers, as well as the subtle, pragmatic responses of indigenous peoples. This book will interest anyone studying the

Beyond Bogota: Diary of a Drug War Journalist in Colombia $15.95 Independent journalist Garry Leech has spent the last eight years working in the most remote and dangerous regions of Colombia, uncovering the unofficial stories of people living in conflict zones. Beyond Bogotá is framed around the eleven hours that Leech was held captive by the FARC, Colombia’s largest leftist guerrilla group, in August of 2006. He recalls nearly thirty years of travel and work in Latin America while weaving in a historical context of the region and on-the-ground reporting with each passing hour of his detention.More than $5 billion in U.S. aid over the past seven years has failed to end Colombia’s civil conflict or reduce cocaine production. Leech finds that ordinary Colombians, not drug lords, have suffered the most and that peasants and indigenous peoples have been caught in the crossfire between the armed groups. Meanwhile, more than thirty Colombian journalists have been murdered over the last three decades, making Colombia one of the most dangerous countries in which to practice journalism. Consequently, the majority of the Western media rarely leave Bogotá to find the real story. Leech, however, learns the truth about the conflict and the U.S. war on drugs directly from the source: poor coca farmers whose fields and food crops have been sprayed with toxic aerial fumigations, female FARC guerrillas who see armed struggle as their only option, union organizers whose lives are threatened because they defend workers’ rights, indigenous peoples whose communities have been forcibly displaced by the violence, and many others. Leech also investigates the presence of multinational oil and mining companies in Colombia by gaining access to army bases where U.S. soldiers train Colombian troops to fight the guerrillas in resource-rich regions and by visiting local villages to learn what the foreign presence has meant for the vast majority of the population. Drawing on unprecedented access to soldiers, guerrillas,

Beyond Bogota: Diary of a Drug War Journalist in Colombia $25.95 Independent journalist Garry Leech has spent the last eight years working in the most remote and dangerous regions of Colombia, uncovering the unofficial stories of people living in conflict zones. Beyond Bogotá is framed around the eleven hours that Leech was held captive by the FARC, Colombia’s largest leftist guerrilla group, in August of 2006. He recalls nearly thirty years of travel and work in Latin America while weaving in a historical context of the region and on-the-ground reporting with each passing hour of his detention.More than $5 billion in U.S. aid over the past seven years has failed to end Colombia’s civil conflict or reduce cocaine production. Leech finds that ordinary Colombians, not drug lords, have suffered the most and that peasants and indigenous peoples have been caught in the crossfire between the armed groups. Meanwhile, more than thirty Colombian journalists have been murdered over the last three decades, making Colombia one of the most dangerous countries in which to practice journalism. Consequently, the majority of the Western media rarely leave Bogotá to find the real story. Leech, however, learns the truth about the conflict and the U.S. war on drugs directly from the source: poor coca farmers whose fields and food crops have been sprayed with toxic aerial fumigations, female FARC guerrillas who see armed struggle as their only option, union organizers whose lives are threatened because they defend workers’ rights, indigenous peoples whose communities have been forcibly displaced by the violence, and many others. Leech also investigates the presence of multinational oil and mining companies in Colombia by gaining access to army bases where U.S. soldiers train Colombian troops to fight the guerrillas in resource-rich regions and by visiting local villages to learn what the foreign presence has meant for the vast majority of the population. Drawing on unprecedented access to soldiers, guerrillas,

Birds and Beasts of Ancient Latin America $211.84 An excellent book by a noted scholar… Will become a standard reference for scholars and students… and will appeal to a huge public audience . — Jerald T. Milanich, Florida Museum of Natural HistoryElizabeth P. Benson provides an introductory overview of the depiction of animals in the pre-Columbian art of Latin America. Drawing on an extensive set of images (many of them previously unpublished) from the collections of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, and the Florida Museum of Natural History, she examines the practical, ritual, and mythic importance of animals in pre-Columbian life and thought as well as the meanings that animals still have for the modem descendants of those indigenous peoples.Conveniently arranged by animal groups and beautifully illustrated, Benson’s survey encompasses all artistic media and spans the pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Her approach organizes a lifetime of scholarship and a wealth of source material into an engaging collection of pre-Columbian images. Her cross-cultural comparison examines animal symbolism in terms of natural history, archaeology, early Spanish accounts, and recent folklore.Benson’s work also highlights common themes in the relationship of human beings and animals across several centuries and cultures and so offers insight into these societies and their perceptions of the world around them. Providing information on animals and the beliefs surrounding them, the cultural contexts of their depiction, and the cultures to which they were important, Birds and Beasts of Ancient LatinAmerica will appeal to archaeologists, cultural historians, and anthropologists; to anyone interested in pre-Columbian art and mythology; and to modern-day bird and animal lovers.

Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America $35 Used – Over the past several years new constitutions have been promulgated in many Latin American countries. A notable feature of the new constitutional frameworks is the recognition of the multiethnic and pluricultural character of these Latin American societies and States. Without question this fact reflects the new weight that indigenous movements have gained in political processes in the region. The recognition of multiethnicity constitutes a significant break with the previous perspective b

Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America $26.27 Used – Over the past several years new constitutions have been promulgated in many Latin American countries. A notable feature of the new constitutional frameworks is the recognition of the multiethnic and pluricultural character of these Latin American societies and States. Without question this fact reflects the new weight that indigenous movements have gained in political processes in the region. The recognition of multiethnicity constitutes a significant break with the previous perspective b

Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America $32.94 Used – Over the past several years new constitutions have been promulgated in many Latin American countries. A notable feature of the new constitutional frameworks is the recognition of the multiethnic and pluricultural character of these Latin American societies and States. Without question this fact reflects the new weight that indigenous movements have gained in political processes in the region. The recognition of multiethnicity constitutes a significant break with the previous perspective b

Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America $59.45 New – Over the past several years new constitutions have been promulgated in many Latin American countries. A notable feature of the new constitutional frameworks is the recognition of the multiethnic and pluricultural character of these Latin American societies and States. Without question this fact reflects the new weight that indigenous movements have gained in political processes in the region. The recognition of multiethnicity constitutes a significant break with the previous perspective ba

Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America $26.45 Used – Over the past several years new constitutions have been promulgated in many Latin American countries. A notable feature of the new constitutional frameworks is the recognition of the multiethnic and pluricultural character of these Latin American societies and States. Without question this fact reflects the new weight that indigenous movements have gained in political processes in the region. The recognition of multiethnicity constitutes a significant break with the previous perspective b

Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America $25.42 Used – Over the past several years new constitutions have been promulgated in many Latin American countries. A notable feature of the new constitutional frameworks is the recognition of the multiethnic and pluricultural character of these Latin American societies and States. Without question this fact reflects the new weight that indigenous movements have gained in political processes in the region. The recognition of multiethnicity constitutes a significant break with the previous perspective b

Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America $182.35 New – Over the past several years new constitutions have been promulgated in many Latin American countries. A notable feature of the new constitutional frameworks is the recognition of the multiethnic and pluricultural character of these Latin American societies and States. Without question this fact reflects the new weight that indigenous movements have gained in political processes in the region. The recognition of multiethnicity constitutes a significant break with the previous perspective ba

Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America $116.59 New – Over the past several years new constitutions have been promulgated in many Latin American countries. A notable feature of the new constitutional frameworks is the recognition of the multiethnic and pluricultural character of these Latin American societies and States. Without question this fact reflects the new weight that indigenous movements have gained in political processes in the region. The recognition of multiethnicity constitutes a significant break with the previous perspective ba

Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America $35 Used – Over the past several years new constitutions have been promulgated in many Latin American countries. A notable feature of the new constitutional frameworks is the recognition of the multiethnic and pluricultural character of these Latin American societies and States. Without question this fact reflects the new weight that indigenous movements have gained in political processes in the region. The recognition of multiethnicity constitutes a significant break with the previous perspective b

Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America $41.56 New – Over the past several years new constitutions have been promulgated in many Latin American countries. A notable feature of the new constitutional frameworks is the recognition of the multiethnic and pluricultural character of these Latin American societies and States. Without question this fact reflects the new weight that indigenous movements have gained in political processes in the region. The recognition of multiethnicity constitutes a significant break with the previous perspective ba

Chiefs, Scribes, And Ethnographers $30 The Kuna of Panama, today one of the best known indigenous peoples of Latin America, moved over the course of the twentieth century from orality and isolation towards literacy and an active engagement with the nation and the world. Recognizing the fascination their culture has held for many outsiders, Kuna intellectuals and villagers have collaborated actively with foreign anthropologists to counter anti-Indian prejudice with positive accounts of their people, thus becoming the agents as well as subjects of ethnography. One team of chiefs and secretaries, in particular, independently produced a series of historical and cultural texts, later published in Sweden, that today still constitute the foundation of Kuna ethnography.As a study of the political uses of literacy, of western representation and indigenous counter-representation, and of the ambivalent inter-cultural dialogue at the heart of ethnography, Chiefs, Scribes, and Ethnographers addresses key issues in contemporary anthropology. It is the story of an extended ethnographic encounter, one involving hundreds of active participants on both sides and continuing today.

Chiefs, Scribes, and Ethnographers: Kuna Culture from Inside and Out $57.69 The Kuna of Panama, today one of the best known indigenous peoples of Latin America, moved over the course of the twentieth century from orality and isolation towards literacy and an active engagement with the nation and the world. Recognizing the fascination their culture has held for many outsiders, Kuna intellectuals and villagers have collaborated actively with foreign anthropologists to counter anti-Indian prejudice with positive accounts of their people, thus becoming the agents as well as subjects of ethnography. One team of chiefs and secretaries, in particular, independently produced a series of historical and cultural texts, later published in Sweden, that today still constitute the foundation of Kuna ethnography.As a study of the political uses of literacy, of western representation and indigenous counter-representation, and of the ambivalent inter-cultural dialogue at the heart of ethnography, Chiefs, Scribes, and Ethnographers addresses key issues in contemporary anthropology. It is the story of an extended ethnographic encounter, one involving hundreds of active participants on both sides and continuing today.

Chiefs, Scribes, and Ethnographers: Kuna Culture from Inside and Out $30 The Kuna of Panama, today one of the best known indigenous peoples of Latin America, moved over the course of the twentieth century from orality and isolation towards literacy and an active engagement with the nation and the world. Recognizing the fascination their culture has held for many outsiders, Kuna intellectuals and villagers have collaborated actively with foreign anthropologists to counter anti-Indian prejudice with positive accounts of their people, thus becoming the agents as well as subjects of ethnography. One team of chiefs and secretaries, in particular, independently produced a series of historical and cultural texts, later published in Sweden, that today still constitute the foundation of Kuna ethnography.As a study of the political uses of literacy, of western representation and indigenous counter-representation, and of the ambivalent inter-cultural dialogue at the heart of ethnography, Chiefs, Scribes, and Ethnographers addresses key issues in contemporary anthropology. It is the story of an extended ethnographic encounter, one involving hundreds of active participants on both sides and continuing today.

Constructing Democratic Governance: South America $0.99 In Constructing Democratic Governance, Jorge I. Dominguez and Abraham F. Lowenthal bring together a distinguished group of scholars to assess how well democracy has been working in this volatile part of the world. The authors find that serious problems still plague these new democracies. Many of these problems are related to the political institutions, including political parties, the civil service, and the justice system. Part I introduces broad thematic surveys of such key issues as the role of the left, conservatism, inequality, and indigenous peoples. Part II reviews the South American nations. Part III focuses on Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, including Cuba. In Part IV, the volume editors draw conclusions about the problems and prospects for stable democracies in Latin America.In addition to the complete hardcover edition, Constructing Democratic Governance is available in three paperback volumes, each containing the introduction and conclusion from the complete edition and organized for convenient course use.

Daily Life in Colonial Latin America $38.55 Used – “This book offers an examination of everyday life in the Iberian colonies of Central and South America–the indigenous peoples, their Spanish and Portuguese colonizers, and the Africans brought over as slaves”–

Daily Life in Colonial Latin America $28.5 Used – “This book offers an examination of everyday life in the Iberian colonies of Central and South America–the indigenous peoples, their Spanish and Portuguese colonizers, and the Africans brought over as slaves”–

Daily Life in Colonial Latin America $49.95 This book offers an examination of everyday life in the Iberian colonies of Central and South America—the indigenous peoples, their Spanish and Portuguese colonizers, and the Africans brought over as slaves.

Daily Life in Colonial Latin America $38.55 New – “This book offers an examination of everyday life in the Iberian colonies of Central and South America–the indigenous peoples, their Spanish and Portuguese colonizers, and the Africans brought over as slaves”–

Daily Life in Colonial Latin America $28.5 New – “This book offers an examination of everyday life in the Iberian colonies of Central and South America–the indigenous peoples, their Spanish and Portuguese colonizers, and the Africans brought over as slaves”–

Defiant Again: Indigenous Peoples and Latin American Security $25 Used – Since the Conquest, indigenous communities throughout Latin America have endured with astonishing restraint a multitude of impositions and indignities. Occasionally that restraint has been punctuated by cycles of rebellion and repression. Violent confrontations between Indian organizations and the state in the last two years indicate a growing frustration by indigenous peoples with political attempts to advance their demands. Major altercations have occurred in Mexico, Ecuador, and Bolivi

Defiant Again: Indigenous Peoples and Latin American Security $20.43 Used – Since the Conquest, indigenous communities throughout Latin America have endured with astonishing restraint a multitude of impositions and indignities. Occasionally that restraint has been punctuated by cycles of rebellion and repression. Violent confrontations between Indian organizations and the state in the last two years indicate a growing frustration by indigenous peoples with political attempts to advance their demands. Major altercations have occurred in Mexico, Ecuador, and Bolivi

Defiant Again: Indigenous Peoples and Latin American Security $22.97 New – Since the Conquest, indigenous communities throughout Latin America have endured with astonishing restraint a multitude of impositions and indignities. Occasionally that restraint has been punctuated by cycles of rebellion and repression. Violent confrontations between Indian organizations and the state in the last two years indicate a growing frustration by indigenous peoples with political attempts to advance their demands. Major altercations have occurred in Mexico, Ecuador, and Bolivia

Defiant Again: Indigenous Peoples and Latin American Security $20.9 Used – Original publisher: Washington, DC: Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University: For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs., [1996] OCLC Number: (OCoLC)38003104 Subject: Indigenous peoples — Latin America — Politics and government. Excerpt: …DONNA LEE VAN CO-IT 9 thousands of Amerindians in villages along both sides of file border, who bore the brunt of months of military attacks. As soon as the first shots were fired, national Indian leaders from both count

Defiant Again: Indigenous Peoples and Latin American Security $19.12 Used – Since the Conquest, indigenous communities throughout Latin America have endured with astonishing restraint a multitude of impositions and indignities. Occasionally that restraint has been punctuated by cycles of rebellion and repression. Violent confrontations between Indian organizations and the state in the last two years indicate a growing frustration by indigenous peoples with political attempts to advance their demands. Major altercations have occurred in Mexico, Ecuador, and Bolivi